Benefits Of Single Sex Schools - 947 Words

Is coeducation harmful to students? Quite a few parents and teachers believe that learning for both boys and girls is inhibited by attending school with students of the opposite gender. The arguments for this view include eliminating distractions and promoting gender equality. However, the opposite view also has gathered much support, defended by students and other researchers. Support for this viewpoint includes encouraging diversity and providing real world experiences. Coeducational schools have a few notable advantages over single sex schools. First, one notable factor is that CE schools are frequently much less expensive than their counterparts. This obviously gives them an advantage over SS schools in that more students have the option of attending, though the low cost/lack of cost of tuition also has its drawbacks. Many CE schools lack the funding and therefore resources that SS schools receive. Second, a related factor would be a fair balance of resources for children of eith er gender. One drawback to SS schools is that funding for each differs, so a girl living in a given location may attend a school with fewer assets than a boy living in the same location. Third, many students prefer CE schools to SS ones. One complaint against SS schools is that it doesn’t feel like a privilege, but rather a punishment. This view might be due to the stigma SS schools have, given from both media and peers. Another reason for students’ preference of CE schools is that many studentsShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Single Sex Schools1004 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish III February 9, 2015 Benefits of Same-Gender Education There are many benefits of Single-Sex Schools, primarily there is a change in student development. Scientists have many theories to this concern. (â€Å"Howell†). For generations, educators have explored ways for students to evolve with personal and educational development. Each individual student has an unlike mechanism for that particular learner. Arranging students in separate classrooms will benefit not only their education, butRead MoreAre There Benefits For Attending A Single Sex School? Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesAre there benefits to attending a single-sex school? â€Å"If you want your daughter to be a high-flying businesswoman or banker, send her to a single-sex school.† (The Guardian online) New research concludes consistency in relationship between gender and education styles. Single gender classes perform better when separated in their pre-teens. It is not only the religious aspect of education; it is a proven fact that girls and boys learn differently. They have different physical and emotional needs toRead MoreSingle Sex Education Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe1990s, single-sex education gained interest over coeducation, and by the early 2000s, it had gained support from congress and the Bush administration. Since then single-sex education has benefitted many students, teachers, and parents. For all of the 1800s and most of 1900s coeducation had dominated schooling over the single-sex catholic and private schools.   Unfortunately, a Title IX provision was passed prohibiting sex discrimination, so that no person should be denied admission to any school on aRead MoreCritique of â€Å"with No Boys to Ogle, We Had Time to Learn† by Christine Flowers879 Words   |  4 PagesNo Boys to Ogle, We Had Time to Learn† by Christine Flowers Schools are divided into two categories around the world as we know: single-sex or mixed schools. While mixed schools accept both males and females, single-sex schools accept students of a certain single sex only. Both coed and single-sex schools have pros and cons, which nobody can deny. Some studies, however, have shown that there is no particular benefit to single-sex education. The study of the American Association of University WomenRead MoreSingle-Sex Schools Benefits974 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex school s benefits In some countries single-sex schools is not provided and against the law. In 2002, only a dozen schools were separating sexes and this research is according to the National Association for Single Sex Public Education. Many parents believe that placing their child in single-sex schools give them sexual freedom. Students in single-sex school benefit more than those in co-education. It improves the behaviour, performance of the students, although boys and girlsRead MoreEssay about Single-sex education vs. Coeducation962 Words   |  4 Pagesto other nations (Pahlke 444). Almost all of our public schools in our country are coeducational and only handful of them are single-sex educational schools. Single-sex education should be taken into high consideration for most students to attend because of the benefits they might gain from them. It is important to look at all possible ways to try and better our education system for the benefit of the children and teenagers attending school. The most important years of schooling that provide a solidRead MoreDo Same-Sex High Schools Promote Educational Success?1584 Words   |  7 PagesDo Same-Sex High Schools Promote Educational Success? By Kyle Neugebauer 3/11/2012 In this paper I am going to try to persuade you that same-sex high schools promote educational success. Single-sex education is an old approach that has recently gained new momentum. When we think about single-sex education, we tend to think just about private schools; however, there is a new push to create same-sex education in public schools as well. There are several arguments and statistics I will useRead MoreCOED SCHOOLS1592 Words   |  7 Pagesif it disagrees with the topic (NOT if you disagree). Single-Sex or Co-Ed Schools: Boys and girls SHOULD be educated together. In the UAE, most schools are single-sex. Some people believe that this kind of school offers more benefits for the student. However, others think that coeducational ones are better. This essay will examine the pros and cons of co-ed and single-sex schools. There are several arguments in favour of mixed schools. The first argument is that students will learn to communicateRead MoreEssay about Staying Single: Sexually Segregated Schools1304 Words   |  6 Pagesbest education offered. Single sex schools have proven to provide this need for a quality education. With only one percent of all schools in America sexually segregated (Whelan), the admissions process can be strenuous; however, as the population of locations these schools continue to increase more students can attend them. Parents then concern themselves with whether they should send their children to single sex schools or coeducation schools. The results from a single-sex education bypass the resultsRead MoreA Debate about Single-sex Schools647 Words   |  3 Pagesco-ed classes or single-sex classes. Single-sex schools are not beneficial for many reasons. A couple of reasons why single-sex schools are a detriment to children are: they encourage discrimination, they enforce ge nder stereotypes, and they don’t prepare children for the real world.  ¶2. Cons to Single-Sex Schools Single-sex schools encourage discrimination, by separating students by gender this shows children that it is appropriate to judge someone by their sex. â€Å"Co-ed schools enable students

Differences Between American Culture And German Culture

Germany is country shaped by many instances of disorder and chaos throughout its existence and especially in the 20th century. During these chaotic times Germans came to realize that the only way to prevent disorder and chaos was Ordnung or order. This philosophy of Ordnung is fundamentally different than the culture in the United States in which the people are trusted to do the right things rather than being forced by a set of written and unwritten rules that regulate social behavior. There are three significant differences between American culture and German culture: rules and regulations, the bureaucracy, and categorization. These differences help explain why German and American culture are so different. The first and most important cultural difference between Americans and Germans is the issue of self-control and regulations. Many Americans are impulsive and make decisions without much thought behind their actions. Germans, as opposed to Americans, are much less susceptible for i mpulsive actions because in Germany there are significantly more rules and social norms for Germans to follow which are part of Ordnung. The reason why Germans have more social norms and rules than Americans is to prevent misunderstandings that may be taken as disrespect. Germans â€Å"feel comfortable with these kinds of rules, which give them a feeling of security as well as a strong sense of right and wrong† (Nees 39). The amount of rules and regulations that are in Germany might make an AmericanShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between German Culture And American Culture1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Culture makes people understand each other better. And if they understand each other better in their soul, it is easier to overcome the economic and political barriers. But first they have to understand that their neighbor is, in the end, just like them, with the same problems, the same questions.†- Paulo Coelho. According to Paulo Coelho, in order to better overcome the w orldwide obstacles, we should try to understand each other’s cultures. Through this paper, I will try to show you the main differencesRead Moreâ€Å"a Cultural Mismatch† Essays997 Words   |  4 Pages(Organizational Design, Culture, and Change) Application Case: â€Å"A Cultural Mismatch† 1) Based on the experiences of Chrysler and Diamler-Benz AG, what is the importance of culture in the change process? Culture effects performance! Each structural culture operates differently; in order for them to properly function they must combine their processes. These processes would include management styles, pay structures, capacity to communicate, compromise, understanding and accepting different cultures, conformingRead MoreEssay on Workplace Diversity1262 Words   |  6 Pagesnew information technology system that is currently being developed, it is my duty to bring together the partner firms as to support and stimulate the swift and thorough development of this new technology. Due to the high level of expertise of this German firm, we have selected them to partner with us as we begin the development process. We understand that the barriers of the oceans, as well as the time zones, have created a hurdle in the communication that is necessary to complete the project withinRead MoreThe Diversity Of Macy s Corporate Culture754 Words   |  4 PagesLevitt (2014) defines culture as the coheren t, learned, shared views of a group of people and about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior. Macy’s corporate culture possesses a diverse leadership team to target their diverse customers and locations. Diversity, based on experiences and passion, gives the Macy’s leadership team new perspectives to promote successful business. Levitt (2014) suggests organizational diversityRead MoreCultural Diversity Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is culture? Are we that different? The English Anthropologist Edward B. Taylor explained it in his work Primitive Culture as â€Å"Culture or civilization is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities acquired by human as a member of society.† Valuing and understanding cultural diversity is very important in terms of being able to understand the differences and histories of a society. Culture itself is a key feature in the identity of a societyRead MoreEssay about Cooperating and Communicating Across Cultures640 Words   |  3 PagesCooperating and Communicating across Cultures Daryl Roscoe Grantham University Professor Fail 02 January 2013 Abstract: This comprehensive case covers essential aspects and facets of cross-cultural co-operation and communication. These are illustrated through the fictitious depiction of a project carried out between Americans and Germans. More specifically, two situations will be presented: (1) an American working on a team, which is dominated by Germans (and their way of co-operatingRead MoreNative Americans During The 20th Century1494 Words   |  6 Pagesassimilation has been fought for and against. Many people, such as the Native Americans, were forcibly stripped of their culture and Americanized. Others, such as the German Americans, willingly assimilated in political views but tried to hold onto their culture. All of these situations lead to hatred from white Americans at some point throughout our history. The Native Americans during the westward expansion, German Americans during WWI, and Japanese immigrants during WWII. Even though some of theseRead MoreGerman And The German Management Style 1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe German management style has profound historical roots. It goes back to medieval associations and merchant traditions established centuries ago, though it is also capable to adapt to meet the demanding global competitions. They do it by striving for excellence in product service and product quality. Curiously, it is said that German companies seldom dispute on price, unless there is an absolute necessity and are dedicated on creating and also and maintain competitive advantage through excellentRead MoreSocial Culture : Michael Jackson1706 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Culture Michael Jackson once sang â€Å"I m starting with the man in the mirror. I m asking him to change his ways. No message could have been any clearer; if you want to make the world a better place, take a look at yourself and make the change† (Jackson). Defined by Merriam-Webster as â€Å"the study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary), sociology helps us to better understand our sociological worldRead MoreGermany- Hofstede Analysis Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesyou step into a foreign culture, suddenly things seem different. You don’t know what to do or say.† ( Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions). â€Å"If your organization is planning to conduct business with [Germany], potential success depends upon a good understanding of [German] culture† (Doing Business in Switzerland, 1). This quote is a good advice for entering into any country. Germany is a good candidate for multinational firms to expand into because many similarities of culture to the competitive and

Hsa 535 Week 8 Assignment 4 Free Essays

Clinical Epidemiology And Decision Making March 2, 2013 Class HSA/ 535 Week 8 Assignment 4 Submission Assignment 4: Clinical Epidemiology and Decision Making Case Study Due Week 8 and worth 150 points The Pew Center on Global Climate Change reported in September 2011 that the number of flood damages in the Northeast continues to rise. In Wilkes-Barre, PA, 75,000 people were evacuated as the Susquehanna River crested at a record of 42. 7 feet. We will write a custom essay sample on Hsa 535 Week 8 Assignment 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now An estimated 5,400 homes and business suffered some sort of flood damage during that event, and 124 sewage treatment plants were affected by the flood, with 14 of them spilling raw sewage into waterways. Reports indicate that mold infestation, which can cause adverse health effects, is now a major concern among residents in Pennsylvania and New York. One organization, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, will be preparing a report for citizens in the affected areas on this issue. Write a four to eight (4-8) page paper in which you: 1. Formulate a plan on how you would use clinical epidemiology to guide your opinions and actions on dealing with this issue. With Clinical Epidemiology this refers to the use of evidence which is derived from observational and experimental studies. Because of human illness or risk factors Clinical Epidemiology primary purpose is to resolve illness and prevent risks involved. There is much evidence to clinical practices. When it comes to the prevention of mold it is because of experience from certain events that occurred like floods for example. As the number of floods increase this topic will grow. This will be a big issue in the northeast and there will be an interested in ways to prevent mold growth in homes. When it comes to mold it needs the right temperatures and moisture to grow. Mold is commonly found in dark and damp place, where the air and sun cannot generate drying power. In many homes mold is capable of growing in crawling spaces, basements, wall cavities, mechanical systems and even showers. Most molds do not often cause disease in healthy people. However mold can cause risk to those with weak immune systems. These patients can be the young, elderly, AIDS patients, cancer patients, even diabetes patients. Mold relate illness can take three forms. The first is infection of the host and the growth of a person which grown with someone who is immune system is impaired. Second mold can cause allergic reaction if inhaled or ingested. Then finally it can cause serious illness if not prevented or treated. It can eventually cause illness such as cancer, and asthma. 2. Propose three (3) types of molds that could develop from flood damage and the associated health risks with each type of mold. Three types of mold that can develop after a flood is Memnonielle, Stachybotrys, and Alternaria. Memnonielle is one of the most common type of mold found in homes. This mold can grow on paper, cotton and wood products. Memnoniella can develop toxins which are harmful to animals and humans. Stachybotrys is a slimy, blackish which is referred to as toxic black mold. Like Mennoniella it can produce toxins and be harmful to your health. Stachybotrys is found in the back of walls and ceilings. This type of mold can cause cancer, asthma and headaches. Alternaria is another common mold found in home. This is an allergic mold. It can also be found on soils and plants. If you inhale this type of mold it can cause you to have asthmatic reactions, hay fever and various allergies. Some of the health risks involved is respiratory problems such as wheezing and asthma attacks. Nasal and sinus congestion or dry hacking cough is a sign of mold. Another issue is eye irritation such as burning, watery or redness. There can also be nose of throat irritation such as sneezing or bloody noses. Some skin irritation can cause such as hives or rashes. And another problem that can result from mold is nervous system problems such as headaches, memory loss, mood changes and aches and pains. The most toxic of mold is Stachybotrys atra which resembles a black slimy tar. 3. Outline a plan to communicate key information to health practitioners who will most likely treat the symptoms of mold. Include a timeline when this outbreak can be expected. When it comes to mold, assessing a cleanup procedure requires individuals to wear respirators that are more protective than just plan dust masks. Some other prevention methods are to fix any flood problems and to clean up any damp areas. Preventing seepage of water is important in preventing mold growth. Mold can grow 24 to 48 hours after exposure to water so it is important that you clean up right away if a flood occurs. Making sure you have the right equipment is important . Cleanup materials is important such as disinfected products. And protection from exposure is another important tool to keep in mind 4. Compare three (3) methods that could be used to decrease mold or exposure to mold. Include the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Some methods that could decrease mold exposure is to make sure you keep that area clean. Making sure fabric in the home are clean and dry. Also store clean fabric in ventilated areas. Making sure air ducts are cleaned and if there is mold in there it’s important to it clean up. Keeping the area in the home dry is important, reducing moisture in the air by using fans, dehumidifiers, opening windows and even using air conditioners is important. Keeping your home below 40% humidity is important in the prevention of mold growth. In moisture prone areas it’s important to use manmade fibers. Another way to prevent mold is to make sure you disinfect it. Checking potentially problems areas such as bathroom, laundry and mechanical rooms for mold. Using bleach will disinfect moldy areas. Material that you would need is a mask, gloves which should be latex or rubber. Buckets a scrub brush, broom or mop, disinfected chlorine bleach, trash bags, wet dry shop vacuum, and non-ammonia detergent soap cleaner. 5. Formulate three (3) talking points the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection can use when addressing the concerns of the community on health risks associated with mold and what preventative measures can be taken avoid contracting this infection. Some talking points that can be used in addressing the concerns of health risk associate with mold be first to educate others about what to look for. Recognizing mold like the sight of mold which can be found on walls and ceilings. There can also be a smell that comes along with mold. It can be a bad odor such as a musty earth smell or foul stench. Another topic could be about safety and preventing mold growth. Making sure the people of the community realize that cleaning up and drying out building areas is important. Opening your doors and windows can help the prevention. Making sure you use fans to dry out the building areas is important. Using disinfected bleach is another great tool o use when cleaning up mold. Keeping your children and pets away from affected areas until it is cleaned is important to keep in mind. Thoroughly clean hard surfaces such as flooring, concrete, wood, furniture, countertops and appliances. Remove items such as mattresses, carpeting, rugs, pillows and upholstered furniture. These types of items can’t be cleaned and will be dangerous for family members. 6. Suggest the type of study you would us e to evaluate the long-term effects of mold exposure and the reasoning behind your selection. The type of study that I would evaluate for long term exposure would be respiratory problems and infectious diseases. Those who have breathing problems are at higher risk. And those who are vulnerable that already have severe disease such as Cancer or AIDS should also be studied. 7. Use at least four (4) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. 1. Fleming, S. T. (2008). Managerial epidemiology: Concepts and cases (2nd ed. ). Chicago: Health Administration Press. 2. Segelken, R. (2007). After the Flood, Housing Experts Broke the Mold. Human Ecology, 35(1), 16-17. 3. FLOOD DAMAGE AND MOLD AFTER KATRINA. (2006). Environment, 48(9), 5. 4. Chew, G. L. , Wilson, J. , Rabito, F. A. , Grimsley, F. , Iqbal, S. , Reponen, T. , †¦ Morley, R. L. (2006). Mold and Endotoxin Levels in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A Pilot Project of Homes in New Orleans Undergoing Renovation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(12), 1883-1889. doi:10. 1289/ehp. 9258 5. Pesce, M. (2004). KEEPING THE CREEPING LIABILITY AT BAY: THE PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF INDOOR MOLD GROWTH. Journal Of Housing Community Development, 61(6), 26-32. How to cite Hsa 535 Week 8 Assignment 4, Papers

Free Trade Agreement Between Australia And China (ChAFTA)

Question: Discuss about the Free Trade Agreement Between Australia and China. Answer: Overview of the two Articles The articles are related to the signing of the free trade agreement between Australia and China after conducting the negotiations for almost a decade. The FTA covers the next phase of Australias economic relationship with China (Ausralian Government, 2016). The areas covered in the negotiations included the easier accessibility of the markets to the service sector, the most-favoured nation status and simplified procedures for the review of investments. This agreement will help in increasing market accessibility of Australias wine and beef exporters and also provide a boost to the electronics and carmakers of China willing to sell their goods in Australia. The first article suggests that for Australian economy this agreement will be worth billions and will help in boosting jobs. It also suggests that as per this deal over 85%of the exports of Australian goods will free of tariffs and will increase to 95% when fully implemented (Conifer, 2015). The second article suggests that the agre ement will be more than only exports and tariff reduction but also regarding the clause of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) which have raised concerns (Hurst, 2015). Overall the first article highlights only the pros while the second article highlights the pros and the cons. Writer of the two articles and for whom they are written and the significance of this Both the articles highlight the benefits of the free trade agreement with China to the Australian economy. The first article is written by the political reporter of ABC News, Dan Conifer for the newspaper that provides news throughout Australia. This is significant because it indicates only the benefits that the Australian businesses and people will be deriving out of this agreement. The second article is written by the political correspondent of The Guardian, Daniel Hurst mainly for a greater number of international audience. This is significant because it also stresses on the other side of the coin also apart from the benefits. It discusses certain concerns related to the FTA which were not covered by the Australian media. Since, it is meant more the people of a nation that is not a part of the agreement, it tries to take a more balanced approach. Thus, the two articles discuss the significance of the FTA from two different perspectives. Publisher of the two articles and why is it significant The two articles deal with the same topic of FTA between Australia and China. The publisher of the first article is the ABC News of Australia. This is significant because they are publishing news mainly for the Australians and hence their views primarily deal with the significance which this agreement holds for Australian businesses. Since, it is a local newspaper of Australia, it needs to be more cautious while portraying the negative aspects as they might have the power of fuelling resentment among the businesses and the people. Being a mixed economy a imposing presence of the Government is present in Australia. The publisher of the second article is The Guardian newspaper of the UK. This is significant because it is publishing news for a neutral country and mostly for the international audience and the overall impact of this FTA on the world and hence it has to adopt a more balanced approach rather than the perspective of just one nation or political party. The positive aspects ar e thus the highlight of the local newspaper of Australia while both positive and negative aspects are highlighted in the case of the neutral media. Underlying Assumptions, Values, and Ideologies in the two articles The underlying assumptions, values as well as the ideologies of the two articles are in fact a reflection of the political ideologies. Political ideologies are considered to be a belief system related to the political system and the ideal society. They include the viewpoints regarding the relative significance of the individuals as well as the society along with the role that the government and also the market plays (Wallace, 2008). It can also be said to be the systematic representation of the power of ideas or those idea sets which give shape to the thinking and also actions of the people in terms of nationality, race and the governments function and role, the responsibility of the humans towards their natural environment and the relationships that exist between men and women (Ball Dagger, 2006). The economy of Australia is a mixed one and hence the Government has a presence that is imposing (Birmingham, 2008). The first article is an indication of the combination of competitive a s well as coordinated capitalism that exists in Australia. An expectation is there that accessibility to employment will be there along with a minimum living standard as well as the protection of rights. The government is expected to take care of all this. It shows that the operation of businesses today is across societies and in the jurisdictions of various governments which can regulate the businesses. The second article is a reflection of a different set of political ideologies and hence it discusses the article is discussed from that perspective. Choice of the Articles and the Concepts demonstrated by them The articles have been chosen keeping in mind the relationships that exist between the Government and the business particularly in the case of Australia. The first article is chosen from an Australian newspaper so that it reflects the role that is played by the Government in case of trade agreements from the perspective of the Australians. What are the benefits that are being expected by the businesses in Australia as a result of this FTA which their Government has signed with China. FTAs play a crucial role in the reduction of trade barriers (Karmakar, 2013). This concept is reflected by the first article which shows the way the Australian Government has achieved that. The second article is selected from a British newspaper as it will reflect the news from the perspective of both the businesses and the trade unions of Australia and also put forth the drawbacks which might not be highlighted by the local newspapers. It also discusses its significance for the other nation China. Thus, the concept covered by the first article is the impact of the FTA on the businesses and local people in Australia and highlights the capitalism of the country, while the second article covers the concept of its impact on the workers also. References Ausralian Government. (2016). China Australia : Free Trade Agreement. Retrieved September 5, 2016, from Australian Government: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/chafta/Pages/australia-china-fta.aspx Ball, T., Dagger, R. (2006). Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal. New York: Pearson Longman. Birmingham, M. (2008). Evidence-Based Policy and Mixed Economy in Australia. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organisation Studies , 12-18. Conifer, D. (2015, JUne 17). Australia and China sign 'history making' free trade agreement after a decade of negotiations. ABC News . Hurst, D. (2015, June 17). China and Australia formally sign free trade agreement. The Guardian . Karmakar, S. (2013, August 1). Economic Significance of FTAs. Retrieved September 5, 2016, from etsg.org: https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2013/Papers/406.pdf Wallace, R. (2008). A Review of: Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal". Journal of Political science Education , 372-373.

Affective Foreshadowing

Affective Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is a literary device used in both Of Mice and Men and The Pearl. Foreshadowing is when a part or event in a story suggests something before it happens.In The Pearl the songs of evil foreshadow the events that would soon happen.After hearing the songs in his head, something dangerous or bad would happen to Kino. For example on page thirty-six it reads, "He smelled the breeze and he listened for any foreign sound of secrecy or creeping, and his eye searched the darkness, for the music of evil was sounding in his head and he was fierce and afraid."  Soon after Kino got in a fight with someone who was trying to steal the pearl. Kino ended up stabbing this person. Foreshadowing was also used when the appraisers told Kino that the pearl was worthless. Kino counted on these men to be honest, after they lied it showed how they rest of the town would probably act.Of Mice and Men (1939 film)

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish Hark, the Herald Angels Sing is one of the hundreds of hymns written by Englishman Charles Wesley  in the 19th century. This song has been modified over the many years since; here are Spanish lyrics for two of the verses: Escuchad el son triunfal Escuchad el son triunfal de la hueste celestial:Paz y buena voluntad; salvacià ³n Dios os dar.Cante hoy toda nacià ³n la angelical cancià ³n;estas nuevas todos den: Nacià ³ Cristo en Belà ©n.  ¡Salve, Prà ­ncipe de Paz! Redencià ³n traà ­do has,luz y vida con virtud, en tus alas la salud.De tu trono has bajado y la muerte conquistadopara dar al ser mortal nacimiento celestial. English Translation of the Spanish Lyrics Listen to the triumphal sound of the celestial host:Peace and good will; God will give us salvation.Each nation, sing today the angelical song;Give this good news: Christ was born in Bethlehem. Hail, Prince of Peace! Redemption you have broughtLight and life with virtue, health in your wings.You have come down from your throne and conquered deathit order to give celestial birth to the mortal being. Translation Notes escuchad: If youve studied only Latin American Spanish, you may not know this verb form well. Its the second-person plural familiar imperative (command) form of escuchar, the form that goes with vosotros. This word, then, means you (plural) listen or simply listen. el son: This isnt related to son the verb, but is a word meaning sound. In everyday speech, youre far more likely to heard the word sonido. de: De is one of the most common of Spanish prepositions. It is almost always translated as of or from; either translation would work here. la hueste: This uncommon word has the same meaning as the English cognate host in the context of this song. In current usage, las huestes is a bit more common as a way of saying the army forces. buena voluntad: Goodwill. os dar: Os is an object pronoun meaning you (plural) that youll hear mostly in Spain, very little in Latin America, although it is still commonly used in Latin America for liturgical use. So salvacià ³n Dios os dar means God will give you salvation. cante: Cante here is a subjunctive form of cantar, to sing. Cante hoy cada nacià ³n could be translated as may each nation sing. toda: Toda is the feminine singular form of todo. In singular form, todo typically is the equivalent of each; as plural, it usually means all.: estas nuevas: Nuevas is one way of saying news, so estas nuevas would be this news. The word is plural even though it translates as singular in Spanish. den: This is a plural command or plural present subjunctive form of dar, to give. estas nuevas todos den: This sentence uses an inverted word order, which is fairly common in song lyrics and poetry. This sentence could be translated as may all give the good news. Belà ©n: The Spanish name for Bethlehem. It is not uncommon for cities, especially those known centuries ago, to have different names in different languages. salve: In this song, salve is an interjection of greeting, meaning something like Hail! in English. Redencià ³n traà ­do has: Another case of inverted word order. The typical structure would be Has traà ­do redencià ³n, you have brought redemption. Note that this verse is sung to the savior rather than about the savior as in the English version of the hymn. ala: An ala is a wing, as of a bird. This is a metaphorical usage here; en tus alas la salud could very loosely be translated as with healing on your wings. trono: Throne. has bajado: You have come down. Bajado here is an example of a past participle. la muerte conquistado: Another inverted word order. In normal speech, has conquistado la muerte would be more common for you have conquered death. Conquistado here is also a past participle. para: Para is a common preposition that is sometimes used to indicate the purpose or utility of a thing or action. As such, it sometimes is translated as in order to.   ser: Here, ser is functioning as a noun meaning being rather than a verb meaning to be. In Spanish, most infinitives can function as nouns. nacimiento: Birth. Nacimiento is a noun form of nacer, to be born.

Linking Research Design, Research Problem, and Research Questions Essay

Linking Research Design, Research Problem, and Research Questions - Essay Example ’. Qualitative research questions deal with individual cases and provide greater depths and understanding of each case while looking only at the practical and pertinent information. There are five most common approaches used in qualitative research. These are ethnography, grounded theory, case study, discourse analysis, or phenomenology. The method that is to be used in this qualitative study is ethnography. Ethnography helps to get an in-depth understanding on the aspects of culture which influence the phenomenon under study. It is often used to gather data that is derived from experiments and observation rather than from theory. Ethnography is particularly done with the end purpose of enabling the researcher to describe the people targeted by the study. The research topic proposed in this paper concerns finding the reasons for the increasing rate of dropouts from institutions of higher education. The research topic can be better phrased as â€Å"Curbing the increasing rate of school dropouts from institutions of higher education†. The purpose of this research is to find out the reasons that lead to students dropping out of school. By being able to get a clear understanding of why students drop out from school, this data can be used by the government ministry in charge of education, school boards and other key players in the sector to devise policies and strategies which will gradually bring down this drop out rate. Problem statement The rate at which students are dropping out is increasing at an alarming rate. All over the world, there are headlines that detail the numbers of students that drop out of school, especially higher education. According to a report by the US Department of Education’s National Center for Educ ation Statistics (NCES), there are two principal classifications of factors which contribute to students dropping out of school. These are financial and social. The NCES also reports that the rates of dropouts have been increasing over the last decade. For example, between 1992 and 2002, the status rate which is the rate of students dropping out without completing school increased from 14.6 to 22.5 per cent. In South Africa, the high rate of university dropouts, which was at 11.2 per cent in 2008, is deemed to be a monumental threat to the future of the country. This is the situation in many countries. Much has been done to try and curb the rate of dropouts but these numbers are astonishing. Something needs to be done urgently to help this pathetic situation. How ethnography is used There are two main types of data that will be collected for this research. These are primary and secondary data. The former will be collected through structured interviews with key respondents such as sc hool principals, district education officers, lecturers, tutors, mentors, students and other key people in the ministry involved with education, interviewer observation and field notes. Focus discussion groups (FDGs) may also be held to get insight on what are the reasons for this phenomenon. FDGs involve having the researcher as the facilitator or moderator as the group discusses the factors that lead to dropouts and initiatives that can be implemented to help curb this. The FDGs will mostly comprise of students in higher education institutions and recent graduates. The ideal age would be between 18-26 years. Secondary data will be collected from reflexive journals, analysis of published and unpublished documents and reports and also other data that will be relevant to this study. Research Questions A research question can be defined as the question or questions posed that the research answers. It is usually a

An Investigation of Unilever Performance Management Assignment

An Investigation of Unilever Performance Management - Assignment Example Performance management refers to the method in improving the work performance of workers to the fulfillment of the company’s goal and objectives (United States Department of Agriculture, 2013; Goodrich, 2013). Moreover, research methodology refers to the systematic procedure in solving a particular research problem (Goddard & Melville, 2001). In this study, the purpose of the study is to examine the effectiveness of the performance management of Singapore Unilever. This comprises numerous sections, namely, research design/report framework, overall research, how to conduct with the literature research, research approach, sampling, data access, methods of analysis, and research limitation. 3.1 Research Design/ Report Framework This study plans to investigate the implementation of the SMART system of performance management in Singapore Unilever. In order to accomplish this, the data collected are obtained from both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data are significant in obtaining raw evidence to investigate a particular study while secondary data are obtained from literary sources like journals and books (Sapsford & John, 2006, p.142; Nicholson & Bennett, 2008). In this study, the primary data are gathered from both qualitative and quantitative research methods. In order to numerically measure the performance management of the company, quantitative research method is used. ... Vartanian (2011) noted that this form of data is important to garner other insights from various authors on the given subject. In this study, literary sources, such as journals, books, newspapers, and government websites are used. 3.2 Overall Research The purpose of the research is to define the significance of implementing the SMART system of performance in the appraisal methods of employees’ work performance in Singapore Unilever. Its objectives include (1) the description of the SMART system of performance; (2) the implementation of the performance system in the company; and (3) the assessment on the results of the implementation of the performance system in the company. Apparently, literature review is also conducted in order to gain scholarly insights on the topic. In order to address the validity of theories reviewed, both quantitative and qualitative approaches are made in forms of surveys and focused group interviews, respectively. The survey was participated by employ ees while the focused group interview’s primary respondents are those employees in the managerial position. To select the respondents for the survey, simple random sampling is used while judgment sampling is used in selecting the participants for the focused group interview. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used for data analysis. Furthermore, distance plays a major role in hindering the researchers to conduct a direct observation to the activities of the company. 3.3 How to Conduct with the Literature Research As defined, literature research is the review of other literary sources like journals and books, in order to obtain additional data that will be used as evidence for a research project (Timmins & McCabe, 2005, p.41). It is important to

Accounting and the Public Sector - Who Measures What and Why Literature review

Accounting and the Public Sector - Who Measures What and Why - Literature review Example There has been a shift in the emphasis of the control from process and input to output control. The performance orientation is one of the major elements in the new public management concepts and the explicit standards for the performance measurement are seen to support this diffusion of new concepts. This study aims towards conducting a literature review of accountability in public sector. Catasu ´s and Gro ¨nlund (2005) have conducted research on the accountability and measurement on the Swedish Armed Forces. There is a scale down observed in the Swedish public sectors and they are aiming to create a resemblance with the other European nations. New ideologies and organizational forms are replacing the welfare state, which emphasizes on the probity, process and managerial accountability. This dismantling of the division between the private and public allows the private sector discourses to be informed to the public administrative practices. â€Å"Reinvent† is the recent ef fort taken by the government in emphasizing the role played by measurement system in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the governmental operations. However, the fundamental question still remains there, that is, whether the notion of accountability and performance management, which is followed in the private sector, is applicable to the public sector. This indicates towards the fundamental differences that exist between the public and the private sector. In recent year’s advanced development system and performance enhancement methodologies were implemented in the public sector, which showed higher degree of accountability. Therefore, the main aim of the research was to conduct an analysis of the changing accountability by evaluating the changes in the measurements. Thus, the study focused at the relationship between accountability and measurement by highlighting on the measurement. Another study regarding the unintended or intended outcome of performance measureme nt in the public sector was conducted by Adcroft and Willis (2005). In this context the study highlights on the regimes of performance management that fits to the purpose of the public sector and the intended outcomes for the public services and the workers of the public sector of the performance measurement system. The key issues that are answered by the research is that content or the text of performance management in the public sector with examples specific to the higher education and healthcare; the intended outcome and the limitation of the performance management system. While most of the literatures have emphasized on the introduction of accounting system in the public sector organization of the developed countries that would lead to organizational and cultural exploration, the research scholars Ballas and Tsoukas (2004) has raised the question regarding why the accounting system are not used in public bureaucracies, which should have implemented much before. In order to find the answer of this question, the study has focused on the absence of accounting and lack of systematic measurement in a public bureaucracy. The study has explored and explained the absence of developed accounting system in the Greek National Health System and compared with the Greek political system. The paradigm of the new public management is based on the central belief that the public service organizations should not only be accountable to the fiduciary matters but should be accountable to the objectives and the efficiencies too. A cluster of administrative

Potato Production and Marketing in Sri Lanka

Potato Production and Marketing in Sri Lanka Potato which conventionally grown through seed tubers, is an important crop in Sri Lanka for its high consumer preference and for high net profit. However, potato demands a heavy investment of about Rs.300, 000 per Hectare (Ha) during the cropping period in which seed material alone accounts for about 50-60% of the cost of production. Potato originated in Andes highlands in Peru and Europeans  [1]  and it was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1850s. At present potato is extensively cultivated in the district of Nuwara Eliya in two major seasons, Yala (Feb July) and Maha (Aug Dec.). It is also widely grown in Badulla District in paddy fields and high lands during Yala and Maha seasons respectively.. Jaffna and Puttlam are the other two districts where the potato is grown in lesser extent. Potato is the most popular crop of upcountry farmers due to its high net return.  [2]   Potato popularly known as The king of vegetables, has emerged as one of the most important food crop in Sri Lanka after rice, and few other crops like chilies, onion, maize etc.. Therefore, Potato production in Sri Lanka is largely for the local food market and vegetable basket in the country is incomplete without Potato. Because, the dry matter, edible energy and protein content of potato makes it nutritionally superior vegetable as well as staple food in our country. Hence, potato may prove to be a useful tool to achieve the nutritional security of the nations in the any country.  [3]   The production of particularly high value cash crops such as potatoes, chilies, and big onion, has been decreasing over the past decade. In addition, the cost of production of these crops is relatively high when compared to the other countries in the region. Local producers have had difficulty competing with imports of these commodities. This can be mainly attributed to the relaxation of import restrictions by the government in 1996. Farmers are now confronted with severe difficulties in marketing their products due to the availability of cheaper imports. Potato production has decreased from 88,709 MT in 2002 to 60,848 MT in 2009. Potato imports in 2009 were estimated at 99622 MT, which accounts for 80 per cent of the local requirement. More than 80 per cent of total imports are from India, China and Pakistan. Until 1996, potato remained a highly protected crop.  [4]  However, in recent years, the cost of production, estimated at around Rs 35.00 45.00 per kg, has remained extrem ely high and poor yield has eroded the profitability of this crop. Based on these economic scenarios of the potato production and marketing, this paper is trying to review and analysis of major characteristics, recent developments and changes of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka. CHAPTER TWO METHODLOGY AIM This paper is trying to review and analysis of major characteristics, recent developments and changes (Opportunities and Challenges) of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Potatoes become leading and lagging sub farming sector of the economy. In recent years, Potato Crisis confront to the agricultural development scenario in Sri Lanka, are attributing the high incidence of farmers agitation, hunger strikes and many other forms of farmers demonstrations. A sharp decline of producer prices of potatoes, imports of potatoes and import liberalization, increased of cost of production and high prices of farm inputs, crop loss and market failures are the leading issues that encourage them to protest. Therefore, these empirical evidence reveals that there are some extents of the ailing features of crisis on the potato farming sector in Sri Lanka, and it can be concluded that the process of production and marketing of potato in farming sector is in wrong track. At presently, potato farming is struggling to rural adjust on economic, social and political reality. In the changing global economic scenario, they are now facing new challenges of improving the producti on of potatoes and finding new technologies at the farm level. The incidence of poverty and income inequalities in these communities has considerably widespread due to these reasons. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Since the imported potato is cheaper than the domestic potato, the local farmers are facing many difficulties when they try to market their products. GENERAL OBJECTIVE This research paper reviews and analysis of the major characteristics of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka and, since the imported potato is cheaper than the domestic potato, its effects and impacts on local production. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Specific Objectives of the research are as follows. a. To review and analyze the major characteristics of production and marketing of potatoes in Sri Lanka. b. To identify and examine the contributing factors of the process of production and marketing sector. c. To review the problems and constrains on the process of production and marketing. d. To make some suggestions for future development of the potato production in Sri Lanka. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Potato has been one of the leading cash crops grown in Sri Lanka and the annual production is average 76,000 metric tons. The land utilization of the potato cultivation is nearly 4500 hectare  [5]  . Further a crop of potato has high income capability and during the last decade it was identified that thousands of farmers became rich. Study on the review and analysis of the major characteristics, recent developments and changes of the potato production and marketing in Sri Lanka will be important for formulation and implementation of the policies and making decisions to up lift the dying potato cultivation in Sri Lanka. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Basically this research is based on the Case Study Approach. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION Data has been collected through two sources as primary and secondary datas. Primary Data. The primary data has been collected by administering a questionnaire among the identified sample of 25 potato farmers and also by interviewing the potato farmers and distributors. Secondary Data. Secondary Data has been collected by examining documents and reports available at the Agricultural Department and Agricultural Library at Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Time allocation for the research was limited. Therefore, it has not been able to research all the subject areas as well as go into detailed study. The collection of data for the research was limited as the time duration for the research was limited. No field visits or other experiences carried out. CHAPTER THREE LITERATURE REVIEW HISTORY AND PRODUCTION TRENDS The successful cultivation of potatoes was first recorded in Sri Lanka in 1812, when it was introduced in Morawak Korale. Others like Abeyaratna (1985) contend that the potatoes were, probably, introduced by the Dutch who ruled the coastal areas from 1656 to 1792. Attempts at growing potatoes in the center of the present potato producing area were done by Samuel Baker around in 1850. However, it was only in 1909 that the local potatoes of Uruguay origin were grown at Hakgala Gardens. Later some British planters in the country at the time cultivated potatoes in their home gardens for their own use. Meanwhile the Department of Agriculture was concerned with potato cultivation for a considerable period (Mahakumbura, 1980).  [6]   In 1948, the Department of Agriculture began working on potatoes, devoting the first few years to investigating the cultivars suitable for growing, cultural practices, fertilizer applications and control of pests and diseases. The cultivation of potatoes on a large scale was started in 1951/52, but it failed due to various reasons. Cultivation was again attempted in 1957 in Badulla and Nuwara Eliya districts, but the farmers were not able to get a reasonable income because imported table stock potatoes were available in the local market at a very low price. When the government stopped the import of table stock potatoes in 1967 to encourage local production, the farmers once again started to cultivate this crop. This strategy was immediately successful and there was a rapid expansion of the acreage of potatoes. Production. The total extent of potato in Sri Lanka is 4,039Ha. In the central highland of Sri Lanka, potato is grown mainly in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districts. The total extent cultivated under this crop in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districts accounted for 725Ha and 3345Ha respectively (Department of Census and Statistics, 2009). The total potato production in 2009 amounted to 61705 Mt. Nuwara Eliya potato production was 12212 Mt and Badulla was 48,982 Mt and other districts recorded 511Mt to the total production  [7]  . Potato cultivation is an integral part of the up country vegetable farming system. It was continued as the most popular farming system in the up country area because of its high income generating potential. In general the potato production in up lands beings from the cultivation of imported seeds in up lands in the Maha season. The large part of the up land harvest is stored for 2.5-3 months and then planted in low lands followed by the rice crop. The most par t of the Yala harvest comes to the market at the early part of the next year. Seasons. In Nuwara Eliya, planting is done twice, once in the months of February to March which is harvested in June-July, and again in August to September to harvest in the months of January or February. In Badulla also potatoes are grown twice a year. The seeding is done in November-December is harvested in March-April, while the June-July planting is harvested in the month of October-November. In Jaffna and Puttalam, only one crop is grown which is sown in November-December and harvested in the month of March (Angammana, 1983). Seed Sources And Varieties. Annually, the Department of Agriculture of Sri Lanka imports 300-3500 tons of certified seed from European countries  [8]  . The certified seed has come from Holland, Germany, Denmark and Scotland in recent years. Normally the seed material is imported once a year. The varieties Desiree and Arka have been the most popular varieties of Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, and Jaffna farmers for the last few years. Because these varieties have generally provided good yields. Recently the variety Ishna was introduced in the Nuwara Eliya and Budulla districts where it has produced higher yields than Desiree and Arka. Production. During the last decade, the production of potato crop followed a volatile and declined trend in late 1990s. Period of 1980s to early 1990, potato production significantly increased. Post 1996, however, the domestic production of this crop began to decline as restrictions on imports were liberalized. A dramatic shift in area out of this crop primarily contributed to the production decline. Weather, poor storage conditions, diseases and availability of good seed are the major problems in potato production in Sri Lanka. Most of the growers in the up country depend on natural precipitation while growers in the coastal districts (Puttalam and Jaffna) use irrigation. If the rainfall in the up country fails, potato production in the other areas is affected because of the short supply of seed potatoes. The next major limitation is the poor storage facility on most farms where seed potatoes are kept in boxes in the farmers home. Storage. Many types of storage are used to store potatoes. The locally produced seed potatoes in Nuwara Eliya are stored in seed potato stores in Nuwara Eliya and Rahangala.. The stores in Nuwara Eliya can keep seed for a longer period of time compared with Rahangala because of climatic conditions. The seed purchased in June and July is stored in trays up to November-December and sent to the major potato producing areas such as Jaffna and. In Rahangala stores, seed potatoes are stored in bulk to a height of one meter but no forced ventilation is provided. Normally farmers store their seed potatoes in boxes and keep them in their homes where ventilation is very low, causing high temperatures and heavy loss in storage. POTATO CULTIVATION IN SRI LANKA Potatoes in Sri Lanka are mainly grown in three districts, namely Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, and Jaffna. However, there are namely areas that potato can be cultivated. Such as Puttalam, Kalpitiya, Rathnapura, Kandy etc. However, Due to many reasons cultivation are strictly limited to the above areas. Nuwara Eliya. The climate of Nuwara Eliya district is ideally suited for seed potato production. The peak periods of planting are during the months of August-September (Yala planting) and February-March (Maha planting). Planting cannot be done in May, June and July because of the heavy winds and rain. Similarly production in December and January is restricted because of the night frost in these two months. Badulla. In Badulla there are two planting seasons, one in the uplands in November-December (Maha planting) and the other in June-July (Yala planting) in the paddy fields of lowlands after the rice harvest. A large area is planted in the June-July planting. The farmers use only imported seed for the November-December planting and their own seed for June-July planting. Jaffna. In the existing climatic conditions in Jaffna, only one crop a year is possible. Potatoes are planted in November after heavy rains in October. Cool night temperature during December and January help in tuber initiation and formation, resulting in fairly high yields. The Jaffna farmers obtain their seed from the government farms and contract growers in Nuwara Eliya. Puttalam is another district having a similar climatic condition as Jaffna where the cultivation of potatoes has started recently. PRODUCTIONS AND ITS MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS The potato is an important commodity in the countries of South Asia. Because of the crops short vegetative cycle, the potato plays an important role in the regions food security. The potato in Asia and especially in the South Asia region has experienced the worlds highest annual growth rate in production over the past three decades.  [9]   Within global scenarios, the position on production and marketing of potato in Sri Lanka is somewhat different. During the last decade, the production of potato crop followed a volatile and declined trend in late 1990s. Period of 1980s to early 1990, potato production significantly increased. Post 1996, however, the domestic production of this crop began to decline as restrictions on imports were liberalized. A dramatic shift in area out of this crop primarily contributed to the production decline. The Figure: 1 has sufficiently explained the changes and fluctuations of land extent of potato from 1970 to year 2009 in Sri Lanka.  [10]   About 99 percent of the total land of potato cultivation are concentrated in two districts of Nuwara Eliya and Badulla . The highest amount of land of potato cultivation and lager number of farmers were in Budulla, while, more commercial oriented and lesser number of potato farmers were in Nuwara Eliya district. The distribution of land extent for potato crop growing in each district as shown in Figure: 3.It is obvious to note that the Potato cultivation in other areas in the country has strictly limited due to many reasons. However, there are many possibilities and potentialities for extended to this crop in other districts of the country. Production of potatoes is mainly depending on the extent of lands. Production trend of potato, during the last 39 years are evidently shown in the Figure: 2. Increase trend of production has commenced in 1978 and it had continued up to year in 1996. After that, production has widely fluctuated. Declined of land extent, changes of government policies, removing of import restrictions and imports of large quantities of potatoes, low farm gate prices are the key contribution factors for the stagnation and declining trend of production in recent pasts. Figure: 4. has provided the detail distribution of production quantities in each district of Nuwara Eliya and Badulla. According to Figure.4, in early 1990s, both districts were produced in similar amount of quantities of potatoes. After 1997, quantity produced in Badulla district had remarkably improved. Badulla is more than double that the potato produced in Nuwara Eliya distict, where production trend has declined in recent years. MARKETING SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES Assembling is the first step in marketing of farm products. It involves collection of small surpluses from number of small farms scattered over large areas and bulking the same for subsequent distribution in volume. The agencies engaged in the assembling of potato are as below: a. Producers b. Village Merchants c. Itinerant Merchants d. Wholesale Merchants e. Commission Agent f. Producers Co-operative Societies Major Assembling Markets. The major assembling markets are located in city of Nuwera Eliya, Badulla, Welimada and other few rural and urban centers of Kandapola, Ragala, Maturata, Kappetipola, Walapane and Mandaramnuwara. These key assembling markets in major producing areas send their collections to terminal wholesale markets of Colombo, Dambulla and Kandy while sending some stocks to other small regional markets. Distribution, Consumption and Marketing. After keeping their requirement of seed, the farmers sell the balance of the harvest immediately, either to the Marketing Department of Sri Lanka or to private dealers. Most farmers prefer to sell their produce to the private dealers as they pay a higher price. The price of potatoes fluctuates widely throughout the year. Because of the coincidence of harvest in Jaffna, Puttalam and Badulla in January, February and March, there is a drop in the price during these months. Marketing Costs and Margins. Marketing costs are the actual expenses required for bringing potato from farm gate to the consumers. It includes the following: Handling charges at local points Assembling charges Transportation costs Handling charges by wholesalers and retailer to consumers Expenses on secondary services like financing, risk taking and market Intelligence Profit margins taken out by different agencies. The marketing margins of potato are the difference between the actual price paid by the consumer and the price received by farmer for an equivalent quantity and quality of potato. Imports of Potatoes. It is leading question for the farmers, while it is leading solution for the consumers. The Table 1 has shown the potato imports in Sri Lanka, from 1994 to year 2009. The quantity of imports, during the last 30 years had increased considerably. However, imports have rapidly increased the period of last ten years in 1997 to 2007  [11]  . This was mainly due to the removing of import restriction of potatoes, under the liberalization of agricultural markets. Further, the value of the imports and unit prices of potatoes (CIF) has significantly increased, while, the rising trend of quantities, CIF prices and total vales are continued in past few years. Therefore, an increasing trend of all these import variables is key dilemma of the local potato production and marketing system. Prices, Price trends and Developments. The prices of potato are the key issue in the system of production and marketing. The three levels in producer prices, wholesale prices and retail prices are most influential matter for the farmers, traders and consumers. The general trend of prices has shown that the prices have gone up, with extensively fluctuations by weekly, monthly and annually. The rising tendency of wholesale and retail prices is the most common features of the marketing system. The Figure: 6 and 7 adequately gives details on the behavior and patterns of the average wholesale and retail prices of potato in Colombo and suburbs markets in last 12 years. CHAPTER FOUR results and Analysis This chapter includes presentation and analysis of research data in an empirical way in order to enhance the quality of the research report. Both primary and secondary data were used for the analysis and presentation. ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Question 01 Figure 5.1 As per the Figure 5.1, 52% of the respondents are strongly disagree with the statement that the government support is satisfactory for the potato cultivation while 40% are disagree with the statement. Question 02 Figure 5.2 72% of the participants do not believe that the potato will become one of the main crops in Sri Lanka in near future. Question 03 Figure 5.3 As per Figure 5.3, most of the respondents do not like importing potatoes from other countries. Question 04 Figure 5.4 According to the graph above, 24 respondents out of 25 are not satisfied with the support given by the whole sellers and the intermediates. Question 05 Figure 5.5 88 % of the respondents say that the research and development facilities should be improved for the development of potato production in Sri Lanka. Question 06 Figure 5.6 60 % of the respondents have strongly stated that they are not satisfied with the profit they gain by the potato cultivation, while another 36 % of the respondents are also disagree with the statement. Only 04 % of the respondents are satisfied with the income they gain. Question 07 Figure 5.7 All respondents say that they face many difficulties at the marketing stage (17 respondents out of 25 are strongly agree with the statement while other 08 are also agree with the statement.) Question 08 Figure 5.8 As per the above Figure, 96 % of the respondents do not agree with the statement that quality of the imported potatoes is better than Sri Lankan potatoes. Question 09 Figure 5.9 22 respondents out of 25 do not believe that the customers are willing to buy imported potatoes rather than buying Sri Lankan potatoes and only 03 respondents are agree with the statement. Question 10 Figure 5.10 All 25 respondents are strongly agreed that the high cost of cultivation is the main reason for decreasing the potato production in Sri Lanka. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEM IN SRI LANKA In addition to the analyzing of both primary and secondary data as mentioned in above, a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was carried out to address the weaknesses and to arrest the treats in view of eliminating the stagnation in potato production and marketing in Sri Lanka and following are found. Strengths at Glance on Potato Production and Marketing System. Production possibilities and potentialities are tremendous in the country. Production directly effects on the increase of farmers incomes Reduction of imports on potato leads to favorable situation on balance of payments and may increasing the trend of production. An increase of production has reduces the level of malnutrition. Potential benefits and advantageous are very huge in many. Existing institutions mechanisms can be used for improvements. Potato farmers are organized, targets oriented and group specifics. Low dependency of international markets increased the food security. Small farmers income may increase and the marketing system may also improve. Weaknesses at Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System. There are no comparative advantages for potato production Low production and productivity are discouraged the farming system. Lands and soil degradation are leading factors for the decisions. Substantial importations of potato are reducing the farm incomes. Government has not clear policy for the imports of potatoes High Cost of Production are discouraged the farmers. There are wide gap between potential level and farmer yields Unavailability of quality seeds is major troubles. Lack of allocation for research and extension services Post-harvest loss is high and no proper storage facilities. Higher marketing cost has reduced the share of farmers incomes. Fluctuation of production and prices collapse the marketing system Farmers infrastructure facilities are need to be improved, farms roads etc. Threats at Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System. Inadequate availability of high yielding varieties is major threats. Inadequate technology transfer at village level farms. Poor soil fertility management has reduced the productivity. A high incidence of pest diseases has increase the risk of crop. Insufficient farm mechanization has reduced farming efficiency. Lacks of farmer group activities have reduced strengthen of farming communities. Due to the Poor and lack of processing facilities and agro- based industries, farmers have no alternative choices to sales. Land extent is highly responsive for quantity of imports. Liberalization trade has reduced the speed of growth. Potato production would be disappear, due to the economic globalizations Changes of tariff (duty) rates decrease the stability of production Inconsistency of the government policies reduces the efficiency of production marketing, while increasing risk of investment. Opportunities At Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System. Potentiality of the use of modern crop technology (Research and Development) is high for potatoes and there are more possibilities to minimize post-harvest losses There are more possibilities to increase of value added products Potato is an instrument for the transformation of the farmers from subsistence to commercial level farming. Abilities of poverty alleviation and capability of the earring higher incomes of the potato production is very high. Potato is an essential food items in normal Sri Lankan diets and the demand and per capita consumption can be improved. Being a short duration crop, it produces more quantity of dry matter, edible energy and edible protein in lesser duration of time than cereals like rice/ wheat Potato may prove to be a useful tool to achieve the nutritional security with the food security of the nations. Production can be self-sufficient in terms of local requirements. 6. As per the data analyzed above, the hypothesis which is stated in Chapter Two is proven and acceptable. It is now proven that since the imported potatoes are cheaper than the domestic potato, the local farmers are facing many difficulties when they try to market their products. CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION This chapter is the most important part of the research since this chapter consists with the conclusion on research findings and recommendations for future researches. The main objective of this chapter is to present the results based on research finding. In conclusion, it is better to look back the objectives stated in the first chapter and determine whether this research has met its objectives. At the final stage of this research study, I would like to sum up my conclusion stating that the research has met all its objectives to a greater extent. In general, the conclusion of this paper is neither particularly optimistic nor particularly pessimistic. During the research, it was found that there are many obstacles and problems, but also many opportunities and potentialities in improving the production and marketing of potatoes in Sri Lanka. The key problem is that the imported potatoes are cheaper than the domestic potatoes and local consumers reportedly prefer the potatoes grown in upcountry areas. Since quantities of local production and prices of potatoes; specially, farm gate, wholesale and retail prices, are highly fluctuating within a year frequently and it is highly depend on these cheaper import prices and the import quantities. Hence there is a huge impact on the local production and marketing system by the imported potatoes. In the process of interviewing potato farmers during the research study, it was highlighted that there are some economic and political impacts also for the potato production and marketing of Sri Lanka. During the research, it was found that the quality of the imported potatoes is lesser than the domestic production. Hence most of the consumers are not willing to buy imported potatoes and they have the preference on the local production. But due to lesser supply of local production consumers are compelled to buy imported potatoes. This has been proved in figure 4.8 and figure 4.9. Further it could be seen that the research development facilities should be improved for the development of potato production in Sri Lanka and it is proved in figure 4.5 in chapter 04. As per the figure 4.10, high cost of cultivation is the main reason for decreasing the potato production in Sri Lanka. MARKETING CONSTRAINTS It was highlighted that the local farmers face many difficulties at the marketing stage and it is stated in figure 4.7 in Chapter Four. Following are the main marketing constraints faced by the local farmers. High Marketing Costs Margins. Transaction cost of marketing is high. There is a need for promoting producers cooperativeness and some other trader organizations in potato growing areas to reduce the price gap between growers and consumers. As per the figure 4.4, a minimum support is given to farmers by the whole sellers and the intermediates. Wide Price Fluctuations. The major potato growing areas should arrange advance forecasting of area under potato and plan to divert the potatoes to the deficient areas or consumers areas by sending to avoid glut situations and price crashes in the markets. Bottlenecks in Storage Facilities. There are no cold storages facilities in the country used for potato storage and

Employee Engagement Essay -- Human Resource Management

Introduction The employee engagement has become a hot topic of discussion in the corporate world. There is no single accepted definition of engagement or recognised approach for measuring or raising it. HRM Practitioners have involved in quite a lot of study to understand employee engagement and its impact on the performance of the organisation. According to them, employee engagement is a level of commitment and involvement of employees towards their organisation and its value. An engaged employee works with his/her colleagues to improve their productivity within their job, for the ultimate benefit of the organisation. This paper critically reviews MacLeod Report (2009), ‘Engaging for Success’ and analysis it’s suitability as an engagement model for the organisations to adapt. Also, this paper suggests an alternative engagement model, which can be applied and adopted by the organisation for achieving their strategic objectives. Employee Engagement The employee engagement is a relatively new term in the corporate world. Due to the global nature of work and diversity of workforce, it has become a key part of competitive advantage for many organisations. The engagement at work was conceptualized by Kahn (1990:694) as the â€Å"harnessing of organisational members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performances†. The other related construct to engagement in organisational behaviour is the notion of flow. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990) defines flow as the ‘holistic sensation’ that people feel when they act with total involvement. Thus employee engagement is the level of commitment and involvement, which an employee has towards ... ...selid, M.A. 1995. ‘The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 38, pp635-670. Kahn, W.A. (1990), ‘Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 33, pp692-724 MacLeod, D. and Clarke, N. (2009), Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement, London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Osterman P (1994), ‘How Common is Workplace Transformation and How can we Explain who Adopts it? Results from a National Survey’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,47. Pil, F.K. and McDuffie, J.P. (1996), ‘The adoption of high involvement work practices’, Industrial Relations,Vol 35:pp423-455 Vodafone Site: http://www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/employees.html